INTRODUCTION:

Cedar is a highly sought-after plant worldwide because of its ability to adapt to different atmospheric and environmental conditions. It is famous for its adaptation to all soil types, resistance to wildfire, quality of wood and undeniable aesthetic values. There are four species of cedar (Table 1): the Atlas cedar (Cedrusatlantica Manetti), the Lebanon cedar (Cedruslibani London), the Cyprus cedar (Cedrusbrevifolia Henry), and the Himalayan cedar (Cedrusdeodora London)^1–3.

The oils and extracts of plants are widely used in phytotherapy, given their richness in biologically active molecules such as terpenes, polyphenols and alkaloids, these molecules have shown their effectiveness in vitro and in vivo in several studies^4–7. The presence of phenolic and alcoholic molecules in a solution directly influences the bactericidal and bacteriostatic⁸. Indeed, the antibacterial activity of bioactive molecules is classified in the following order:phenols (strong activity) > alcohols > aldehydes > ketones > ethers > hydrocarbons. Essential oils, rich in terpinols, have a great antimicrobial power ^9–11. Cedar is rich in bioactive molecules of therapeutic interest ^12,13. Studies have shown the efficacy and therapeutic properties of oils and extracts that contain a high content of secondary metabolites, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic, anticancer, antioxidant effects^14–17, regulation of gastric pH ¹⁸, and immunomodulating activity ¹⁹. This plant is also widely used in the field of perfumery due to the richness of its essential oils, crude oils, and extracts in biochemical molecules, which are in great demand in the cosmetics industry ²⁰.

The diversity of results and research works led us to an exploratory study of the bibliographical references in the form of a systematic literature review to filter the research works and select the new works and thus the novelties in this theme.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The collection of 76 scientific articles from the following databases: Scopus, Pubmed, Sciencedirect, J-stage, Sage journals, Web of science, Semantic Scholar, Jstore, Taylor & Francis, and Springer using the following keywords in our search: CedrusatlanticaManetti, Cedruslibani London, Cedrus deodara London, Cedrusbrevifolia Henry and selecting only those articles that deal with the phytochemical study and biological activities of cedar oils and extracts.

The selected articles were collected in Zotero in order to retrieve their metadata. Then the summaries of the articles with their metadata were exported from Zotero to Nvivo and excel for analysis²¹. Figure 1 illustrates these steps:

Figure 1: Systematic Literature Review methodology steps

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Analyze of references

Figure 2 shows the different sources of articles downloaded for the qualitative analysis. Pubmed is the most frequent source with 18 articles representing 24%, followed by Scopus and Sciencedirect with 15 articles for each database of which 20% for each, then Semantic scholar source of 13 articles presenting a proportion of 17%, and the other sources share 15 articles of which Springer 5, Sage journals and Taylor and Francis 3 for each, J-stage 2 and finally 1 article for Web of science and Jstor.

Figure 2: Percentage of documents by the information source

Word analysis

The word cloud is a virtual representation of the most used words in the abstracts of the analyzed articles. According to the NVIVO analysis, the most used words are: 'Essential', 'Cedrus', 'Extrait', and 'Activity'. These results lead us to conclude the general objectives of these articles, which are directly related to the evaluation of the 'activity' of 'essential' oils and 'extracts' of the genus 'Cedrus'(Figure 3 and Figure 4).

Figure 3: Word cloud

We retain the most repeated words in the summaries using the histogram below. The four most used words are 'Essential', 'Cedrus', 'Extrait', and 'activity', with 92, 91, 77, and 70, respectively.

Figure 4: Most frequent word occurrences

Text search request

The textual search query involves correlating word interactions with other concepts. This process allows us to search for words or phrases in the analyzed text sources, and to search for their interaction with other concepts and words, as well as their dynamics in the activity system. In this analysis, the primary connections of the word level 'Cedrus' and its controversial role are shown. The keyword Cedrus is the most important and most used word in these articles. The textual search of this word showed its use to address several points. It can be concluded that the genus Cedrus encompasses four species (C. atlantica, C.deodora, C.brevifolia, and C.libani). The main lines of research are mainly related to the activity and chemical composition of oils and extracts of the genus Cedrus.

Analysis of the number of publications

The analysis of the metadata of each article, allowed us to collect the years of publication of the articles and to come out with a flow chart below (figure 5), which shows that the number of publications since 1982 follows an increasing function. From 1982 until 2015, the number of publications in our research theme does not exceed four articles/year. This number increases annually until it reaches eight articles in 2019 and 7 articles during 2020 and 2021.

The exponential trend line clearly shows that the number of published papers increases every year compared to previous years. These results show the importance of this research topic and that research on the chemical composition and biological activities of oils and extracts of the genus Cedrus always gives new results and raises new recommendations.

Figure 5: Growth in the number of publications over time

Results of the analyzed articles

Among the articles analyzed, 36 articles were selected based on their abstracts which share common methodologies and objectives. The results for each article are presented in the table below (Table 1) in descending order of year of publication from 2021 to 1984.

Table 1: Results of articles analyzed in descreasing order of years of publication

Author/ Year	Title / Keywords	Résults of chemical composition and biological activities / Conclusions
Belkacem (2021)	Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of Cedrusatlantica organic extracts and essential oil	It was discovered that the main component of the essential oil was 𝛼-pinene (81.49%). It was discovered that the extracts and fractions were abundant in polyphenols. The ethyl acetate fraction had higher antioxidant activity. With lowest inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for the ethyl acetate fraction and essential oil, respectively, of 62.5 and 125 g/mL and 0.25 and 0.5%, Staphylococcus aureus appeared to be the strain most susceptible to C. atlantica's extracts and oil. With an IC50 value of 143.13–14.6 g/mL, the essential oil from C. atlantica demonstrated strong cytotoxic action against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line ²².
	Cedrusatlantica, essential oil, chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic
Venditti (2021)	Antiproliferative, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Cedruslibani and Pinus pinea wood oils and Juniperusexcelsa berry oil	In both the antioxidant and cytotoxic tests (against the human A375 malignant melanoma, human MDA-MB 231 breast adenocarcinoma, and human HCT116 colon carcinoma cell lines), C. libani wood oil was found to be the most effective; however, in the antimicrobial assay, it was found that different bacteria were more susceptible to different oils than others. Each oil has a surprising effect on the yeast Candida albican²³.
	Cedruslibani, Pinuspinea, Juniperusexcelsa, wood oil, antiproliferative, antioxidant
Bhardwaj (2020)	Review on essential oils, chemical composition, extraction, and utilization of some conifers in Northwestern Himalayas	Ketones, monoterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, and esters are substances found in conifers that are employed in pharmaceuticals, food products, cosmetics, and other industrial and commercial products. Conifer EOs have historically been used to treat gastrointestinal issues, fever, bronchitis, cough, asthma, and skin infections ¹².
	conifers, essential oils, ethnobotanical uses, Himalayas, medicinal properties
Boutos (2020)	Composition of the essential oil of Cedrusbrevifolia needles Evaluation of its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities	The two major constituents are limonene (7.8%) and α-pinene (56.8%). Strong antibacterial activity was found in the essential oil and its primary components. The essential oil had a moderate amount of antioxidant activity, although high concentrations of limonene and α-pinene both had strong anti-DPPH free radical interactions (1 mM) ²⁴.
	Cedrusbrevifolia, essential oil, α-pinene, GC-MS antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity
Huang (2020)	Extract Derived from Cedrusatlantica Acts as an Antitumor Agent on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth In Vitro and In Vivo	C. atlantica extract suppressed the activation of the AKT, ERK1/2, and p38 pathways and restrained cell cycle progression in HCC tumor cells, which in turn prevented their growth. The CAt extract inhibited PCNA protein production, decreased a portion of the VEGF-induced autocrine pathway, and strongly expressed cleaved caspase-3, which led to cell apoptosis in the xenograft model, suppressing HCC tumor cell development and extending longevity ²⁵.
	hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Cedrusatlantica extract (CAt extract); cell cycle; apoptosis
Zgheib (2020)	Effect of geographical origin on yield and composition of cone essential oils of Cedruslibani A. Rich. growing in Lebanese protected areas and variability assessment in comparison with literature survey	α-Pinene/β-pinene characterized EhdenC. libani (β-pinene 35.6%/α-pinene 27.7%), Chouf (α-pinene 37.3%/β-pinene 26.1%), Bsharri (α-pinene 27.7%/β-pinene 21.4%), and Tannourine (α-pinene 25.1%/β-pinene 16.0%) samples, whereas Qartaba EO was distinguished by the dominance of myrcene (30.6%), α-pinene(26%), and limonene (14.1%) ²⁶.
	Cedruslibani, chemical variability, essential oil, geographical location.
Abdel-Maksoud (2019)	Evaluation of cedarwood oil (Cedruslibani A. Rich) for the control of common Egyptian mummies insect pest (Dermestes maculatus)	Dermestes maculatus larvae in their fourth instar were poisonous when exposed to cedarwood oil that had been diluted in ethanol. Concentration and exposure period were both important factors in insecticidal action. We adjusted the exposure time and concentration level to increase the mortality rate ²⁷.
	Mummy, Cedarwood oil, Bio-deterioration, Dermestes maculatus, Bioactivity,Conservation
Douros (2019)	Volatile Components of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Resin From a Dated Cedrusbrevifolia	The main constituents were β-himachalene (22.2 %) in heartwood and (25.0 %) in sapwood, and α-pinene (37.8 %) in resin ²⁸.
	Cedrusbrevifolia, dendrochronology, HS-SPME, GC-MS, heartwood, sapwood, resin, himachalenes, α-Pinene
Shi (2019)	Evaluation of the anticancer potential of Cedrus deodara total lignans by inducing apoptosis of A549 cells	Total lignan concentration in the C. deodara total lignans (CTL) was about 55.77% and was extracted using ethanol hot refluxing. CTL reduced the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner according to the CCK-8 tests, with IC50 values of 39.82±1.74 g/mL. CTL also reduced the proliferation of HeLa, HepG2, MKN28, and HT-29 cells to a lesser extent ²⁹.
	Total lignans, Cedrusdeodara, Total lignans, Anti-cancer, Apoptosis
Takci (2019)	In vitro mutagenic effect of cedar (Cedruslibani A. Rich) tar in the salmonella/microsome assay system	With and without S9 metabolic activation, cedar tar was found to be non-mutagenic against strains TA98 and TA100 (p˃0.05). Based on DDPH radical scavenging, cedar tar did not exhibit any antioxidant activity. Tar had 0.85±0.06 mg GAE/g and 0.068±0.02 mg RE/g of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, respectively ³⁰.
	Ames test, Cedar tar, Folk medicine, Mutagenicity.
Belloula (2018)	Investigation into the antibacterial activity and chemical composition of Cedrusatlantica essential oil	Hemachalene (8.41%),α-pinene (8.14%), β-himachalene (8.14%), σ-himachalene (6.26%), cis—atlantone (5.11%), himachalol (4.25%), and α-himachalene (3.25%) were the main constituents in Cedrusatlantica essential oil. Germacrene D (3.15%) was the second most common compound. Cedrusatlantica oil showed very significant antibacterial action against both strains ³¹.
	Cedrusatlantica, chemical profile, Antibacterial activity, essential oil, GC/MS
Emer (2018)	The role of the endocannabinoid system in the antihyperalgesic effect of Cedrusatlantica essential oil inhalation in a mouse model of postoperative pain	An antihyperalgesic effect is brought on by the inhalation of Cedrusatlantica essential oil (CaEO) in a postoperative pain model. However, the exact mechanism underlying this effect is still not entirely understood ³².
	Aromatherapy, Ethnopharmacology, Incisional Pain, Mice, Surgery
Saab (2018)	Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of essential oils from Cedrus species	Due to the high levels of germacrene D and -caryophyllene in the essential oil extracted from Cedruslibani leaves, it may be possible to produce new medications from it. Additionally, Cedrus species' essential oils exhibit antimicrobial and antiviral properties ³³.
	antiproliferativeactivity, leukaemiacells, essential oils, Cedruslibani, Cedrusatlantica, Cedrus deodara, Pinaceae
Zhao (2018)	Cedrin identified from Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don protects PC12 cells against neurotoxicity induced by A_β_1–42	The results have demonstrated that cedrin can increase the viability of PC12 cells damaged by amyloid β1-42. Cedrin has the ability to lower malondialdehyde content, boost superoxide dismutase activity, and limit excessive formation of reactive oxygen species. Meanwhile, PC12 cells exhibit higher Caspase-3 activity, decreased Bcl-2, increased Bax, and meliorated loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore ³⁴.
	Cedrus deodara, cedrin, neurotoxicity, Pc12 cells, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis
Hakam (2017)	Dielectric Properties of Atlas Cedar Wood at its Early Stage of Decay	Particularly at low frequencies, the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor both significantly increased as the thickness increased. Therefore, a suitable predictor of early wood degradation could be the decline in the values of the dielectric constants. It was possible to distinguish between the samples from sound and decayed ACW due to changes in the dielectric characteristics that were significant enough ³⁵.
	Atlas cedarwood, Cedrusatlantica, brown-rot decay, dielectric properties
Maya (2017)	A new δ-tocotrienolic acid derivative and other constituents from the cones of Cedrusatlantica and their in vitro antimicrobial activity	The results revealed the abietane diterpenes 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, and 17 to have potent antibacterial action. The most effective treatment for the multi-resistant commensal bacterium Enterococcus faecalis, which can cause deadly infections in humans, was dehydroabietic acid ( MIC = 15.1 =g/mL) ³⁶.
	Abietane diterpene, Antimicrobial activity, Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière, Pinaceae, Tocotrienolic acid
Narayan (2017)	Cedrus deodara: In vitro antileishmanial efficacy & immunomodulatory activity	The extract with the use of benzene solvent demonstrated robust antileishmanial activities within a dose range of 25-200 g/ml culture, as well as considerable immunomodulatory effects on the host cells. Haemolytic activities were not noteworthy. The effective extract of C. deodara contained 1.29 percent linalool ¹⁹.
	Arginase, Cedrus deodara, linalool, reverse, phase high, performance liquid chromatography, visceral leishmaniasis
Sharma (2017)	Locational comparison of essential oils from selected conifers of Himachal Pradesh	Monoterpenoid hydrocarbons predominated among the components that were identified. Major components included limonene, camphene, α-pinene, β-merycene, and β-pinene. Location significantly affects the oil composition of C. deodara³⁷.
	Abies pindrow, Piceasmithiana, Cedrus deodara, essential oil composition, monoterpenoids, principle component analysis
Uehara (2017)	Odor-active constituents of Cedrusatlantica wood essential oil	Vestitenone and 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene were the two most powerful odor-active components ²⁰.
	Cedrusatlantica (Pinaceae), Atlas Cedarwood, GC-O, AEDA, Key odorants
Fidah (2016)	Natural durability of Cedrusatlantica wood related to the bioactivity of its essential oil against wood-decaying fungi	The main significant components were E-γ-Atlantone (19,73%), E-α-Atlantone (16,86%), 5-Isocedranol (11,68%), and 9-iso-Thujopsanone (4,45%). Gloeophyllumtrabeum, in particular, was significantly suppressed at 1/1000 v/v concentration, demonstrating a high suppression of wood-decaying fungi in the antifungal activity test using the direct contact technique on agar medium ³⁸.
	Antifungal activity, chemical analysis, essential oils, natural durability, sawdust wood, wood-decaying fungi
Majid (2015)	Antibacterial effects of Cedrus deodara oil against pathogenic bacterial strains in-vitro approaches	With the help of the well and disc diffusion method, C. deodara oil demonstrated outstanding inhibitory effects against E. coli, which exhibited 32mm and 24mm and erythromycin's 19mm zone of inhibition, S. Typhimurium, which showed 19mm and 14mm and erythromycin's 18mm zone of inhibition, P. aeruginosa, which showed 19mm and 16mm and erythromycin's 15mm zone of inhibition, E. faecalis showed 20mm and 18mm and erythromycin 12mm zone of inhibition and B. subtilis showed 25mm and 13mm and erythromycin 20mm zone of inhibition ³⁹.
	Antibacterial effects, bacteria, oil extract, zone of inhibition, Cedrus deodara
Bibi (2014)	Antibacterial activity of oils of Cedrus deodara and ricinus communis	Maximum inhibition of Deodar oil against Proteus mirabilis (40 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (50 mm), Bacillus subtilis (25 mm), and Escherichiacoli was observed (20 mm). Salmonellatyphi and Staphylococcusaureus (18 mm) showed the least impact (11 mm) ⁴⁰.
	Antibacterial activity, Medicinal plants, Cedrus deodara, Ricinus communis
Chung (2014)	Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Petroleum Ether Extract from Korea Pine Needle Leaves of Cedrus deodara	α-pinene, α-myrcene, dl-limonene, α-humulene, linalyl propionate, a-cadinene, and trans-caryophyllene oxide were the major constituents of essential oils. Butyl acetate, 4-allyloxy-2-methyl pentaen-2-ol, ethyl ester of dodecanoic acid, butyl ester of 5-oxohexanethioic acid, and caryophyllene oxide were the major components of petroleum ether extract ⁴¹.
	Cedrus deodara, Pinaceae, Essential oil and petroleum ether extract composition, Major and minor components
Chaudhary (2012)	Antifungal Sesquiterpenes from Cedrus deodara	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillusochraceous, Aspergillusparasiticus, and Aspergillussydowii were all susceptible to the antifungal effects of the sawdust and compounds 3 and 4 extracted from the plant in n-hexane and chloroform. Compound 1 also showed a negligible effect against A. parasiticus and A. sydowii, whereas compound 2 and the extracts inhibited Trichophyton rubrum⁴².
	Cedrusdeodara, Pinaceae, sesquiterpenes, atlantone, antifungalactivity
Chaudhary (2011)	Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Activities of the Himalayan Cedar, Cedrus deodara Essential Oil and Its Fractions Against the Diamondback Moth, Plutellaxylostella	The pentane fraction has the highest level of toxicity (LC50), at 287 g/ml. When compared to the atlantones enriched fraction, the himachalenes enriched fraction was more toxic (LC50 = 362 g/ml). The LC50 for crude oil was 425 g/ml, and the LC50 for the acetonitrile fraction was 815 g/ml. Hemachalenes and atlantones, the principal components, are probably responsible for the insecticidal effect ⁴³.
	atlantones, biopesticide, essential oils, himachalenes, insecticidal activity
Gupta (2011)	Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cedrusdeodera: An overview	C. deodara has various beneficial features, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory ones. It also influences the nervous system and has cytotoxic, neuroleptic, and antioxidant effects ⁴⁴.
	Cedrus deodara, Deodar, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology
Kumar (2011)	Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. in Wistar rats	In pylorus-ligated rats, the volatile oil had considerable antisecretory activity as evidenced by changes in the volume, total and free acids, and pH of the stomach fluid. Our research also showed that Cedrus deodarapretreatment in ethanol-treated and pylorus-ligated rats significantly decreased the number of ulcers, ulcer score, and ulcer index. Histopathological research showing that Cedrus deodara protects the mucosal layer against ulceration and inflammation provides additional evidence for the plant's antiulcer properties ¹⁸.
	Cedrusdeodara, Antiulcer, Pylorus, Ethanol, Rabeprazole
Saab (2009)	Essential oils components in the leaves of Cedruslibani and Cedrus deodara	The experimental results showed that the main components in Cedruslibani are germacrene D and β-caryophyllene, while the essential components in Cedrus deodara essential oil are benzaldehyde, myrcene, and β-caryophyllene. ⁴⁵.
	Cedrus, Oils volatile, Lebanon
Loizzo (2007)	Composition and α-amylase inhibitory effect of essential oils from Cedruslibani	Studies were conducted into the phytochemical composition of Cedruslibani essential oils extracted from wood, leaves, and cones as well as the inhibitory activity of α-amylase. The leaves and cones oils of C. libani showed no detectable action, whereas the woods oil had an IC50 value of 0.14 mg/ml. ⁴⁶.
	Cedruslibani, Anti-diabetic activity, α-Amylase inhibitors
Shashi (2006)	A novel lignan composition from Cedrus deodara induces apoptosis and early nitric oxide generation in human leukemia Molt-4 and HL-60 cells	AP9-cd The destruction of leukemia cells by AP9-cd may involve mitochondrial-dependent and -independent apoptotic mechanisms, which are activated by early NO creation, peroxide production, and mitochondrial depolarization ⁴⁷.
	New lignan composition, Molt-4 and HL-60 cells, Apoptosis, Necrosis, Nitric oxide, Peroxide, Mitochondrial membrane potential, Caspases
Boudarene (2004)	Analysis of Algerian Essential Oils from Twigs, Needles and Wood of CedrusatlanticaG.Manetti by GC/MS	α-Pinene (5.6–23.4%), camphene (0.4–1.8%), myrcene (0.1–2.7%), α-terpineol (0.8–6.7%), β-caryophyllene (6.0–11.4%), α-humulene (1.3–2.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (trace–10.3%) were determined to be the main components extracted from the oils. Comparing oils produced in the summer, it was discovered that there were quantitative and qualitative differences in the oil components ⁴⁸.
	Cedrusatlantica, Cupressaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, himachalol
Aberchane (2003)	Effet de l'infection du bois de Cèdre de l'Atlas par Trametespini et Ungulinaofficinalis sur la composition chimique et l'activité antibactérienne et antifongique des huiles essentielles	Hemachalenes (a-, y-, and 13-) and E-a-atlantone are the primary components of essential oils obtained from uncontaminated sawdust and those contaminated by Trametespini, although these oils lack antibacterial and antifungal properties. Those made from wood infected by Ungulina officinalis, which have a different chemical makeup, exhibit decreased antifungal activity and bacterial activity at a concentration of 2 l/mL ⁴⁹.
	Cedrusatlantica, essential oils, chemical compositions, antimicrobial and antifungal activities
Murat (2002)	Antimicrobial Activity of Resins Obtained from the Roots and Stems of Cedruslibani and Abiescilicia	With a zone diameter of 16, 22, 22, 24, 22, 20, and 20 mm for C. libani and 18, 20, 22, 20, 24, 20, and 20 mm for A. cilicia, respectively, the crude resin extracts were found to be highly active against S. pyogenes, E. coli pUC9, E. coli pBR322, Bacillus brevis ATCC, Bacillusmegaterium, Bacillusthuringiensis, and Bacilluscereus at The antibacterial activity was shown to be higher or comparable to the common antibiotic amoxycillin at an 80 g concentration ⁵⁰.
	Antimicrobial Activity, CrudeExtract, Ethanol Extract, Diffusion Method, Disc Diffusion
Dıg˘rak (1999)	Antimicrobial activities of several parts of Pinus brutia, Juniperus oxycedrus, Abiescilicia, Cedruslibani and Pinusnigra	Except for the chloroform and acetone extracts of A. cilicia leaves, none of the plant extracts inhibited E. coli growth. The growth of the other microorganisms under investigation was hindered by every plant extract utilized in this study. The bacteria investigated were typically sensitive, intermediately resistant, or resistant to the species extracts when the results of this investigation were compared to an ampicillin standard ⁵¹.
	Pinusbrutia, Juniperusoxycedrus, Abies cilicia, Cedruslibani, Pinusnigra, antimicrobialactivity
Hafizoğlu (1987)	Studies on the Chemistry of Cedruslibani A. Rich. - III. Oleoresin Composition of Cones and Bark from Cedruslibani	Abietic and sandaracopimaric acids were the primary components. Levopimaric acid, in addition to pimaric acid, was not found in the bark oleoresin. Isopimaric acid, found in cedar wood, was the main component of bark oleoresin ⁵².
	Oleoresin, Resin acids, Unsaponifiables, Diterpene hydrocarbons, Diterpene alcohols, Cedruslibani
Agrawal (1984)	Chemistry of the true cedars	The four Cedrus species known as "True Cedars" are found all throughout the Asian continent and are valued for their wood and therapeutic characteristics. As a result, they have been thoroughly studied for the past thirty years. It is offered a review of the chemical components found in various parts of these species and the biological activity mentioned in these investigations ⁵³.
	-

-No key words.

The crude, essential oils, and extracts of cedar species are distinguished by their bioactive molecules as well as by their various chemical compositions. This richness in bioactive molecules gives the oils and extracts of this plant an important antibacterial power that translates into the inhibition and destruction of several bacterial and fungal strains such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bacterium causes stomach ulcer (Helicobacterpylori), the fungi causes wood rot and contaminates foodstuffs. This bioactivity is mainly because of the high content of terpenes which are known for their antimicrobial effects.

CONCLUSION:

As a result of this SLR, several papers have been defined that deal with the chemical composition and biological activities of oils and extracts of the four species of the genus Cedrus. The results show the importance of this theme, reflected in the increase in the number of publications from one year to the next and the diversity of the results obtained. Chaudhary Amrendra Kumar published five articles, followed by Saab Antoine (4 articles), Kumar Neeraj (2 articles), Loizzo Monica Rosa (2 articles), and Douros Andreas (2 articles). The chemical composition is dominated by himachalenes,α-pinene, β-pinene, Limonene, and generally terpenes. An absence of other secondary metabolite groups such as polyphenols and alkaloids is remarkable. The oils and extracts have shown high efficacy against bacteria (Gram-positive and negative) as well as fungi and other pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of stomach ulcers, and remarkable anticancer activity.

According to the analysis of the results of the articles, we came out with the following suggestions:

-Extraction and evaluation of the biological activity of himachalenes, the main chemical elements of cedar;

- Evaluation of antiviral activities of cedar essential oils;

-Medicinal valorization of cedarwood infected with Trametespini and Ungilina officinalis;

-Study the possibility of biological control of these wood-boring fungi.

- Research and identification of other new pathogens of cedar.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

All the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Thanks to the research team in the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research in Rabat (CNRST) and INRA-Rabat.

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Received on 08.12.2022 Modified on 27.01.2023

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(8):3875-3883.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00639